解:$(1) S$、$S_{1}$、$S_{2} $都闭合时,$L $被短路,$R_{2} $与$R_{1} $并联,$R_{2} $消耗的电功率为$3\ \mathrm {W}$,由$P=\frac {U^2}{R}$可得,$R_{2}$的阻值$R_{2}=\frac {U^2}{P_{2}}=\frac {(6\ \mathrm {V})^2}{3\ \mathrm {W}}=12\ \mathrm {Ω}.$
$(2) $闭合$S $断开$S_{1}$、$S_{2}$,$L $与$ R_{1}$串联,小灯泡正常发光时的电流$I_{L}=\frac {P_{L}}{U_{L}}=\frac {0.75\ \mathrm {W}}{2.5\ \mathrm {V}}=0.3\ \mathrm {A}$,小灯泡正常发光时,$R_{1} $两端的电压$ U_{1}=U-U_{L}=6\ \mathrm {V}-2.5\ \mathrm {V}=3.5\ \mathrm {V}$,则$R_{1}$接入电路的电阻值$R_{1}=\frac {U_{1}}{I_{L}}=\frac {3.5\ \mathrm {V}}{0.3\ \mathrm {A}}≈12\ \mathrm {Ω}.$
$(3) S$、$S_{1}$、$S_{2} $都闭合时,$R_{2} $与$ R_{1}$并联,滑片$ P $滑动至$R_{1}$最左端,则$R_{1} $接入电路的阻值为$ 20 \ \mathrm {Ω}$,电路消耗的总功率$P=\frac {U^2}{R_{1\ \mathrm {max}}}+P_{2}=\frac {(6\ \mathrm {V})^2}{20\ \mathrm {Ω}}+3\ \mathrm {W}=4.8\ \mathrm {W}.$